What is Arbitrum? • Layer 2 Solutions on Ethereum • Benzinga

Arbitrum technology is one of many possible solutions for the recent transaction fee crisis on Ethereum. Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency in terms of market capitalization, however, network congestion and high fees have hampered its exponential growth. Arbitrum aims to reduce transaction fees and congestion by moving as much computation and data storage off of Ethereum’s main blockchain (layer 1) as it can. Storing data off of Ethereum’s blockchain is known as Layer 2 scaling solutions. This is because it is built on top of Layer 1 (the main Ethereum network) and retains the security of Ethereum. 

At the moment, Layer 2 projects like Arbitrum are expected to be vital stop-gap solutions for Ethereum’s scalability crisis. Updates to the Ethereum network, intended to reduce fees and congestion, are slated for the next year and beyond. These updates, namely Eth 2.0, will help scale Ethereum and reduce fees. 

This being said, it’s difficult to predict the impact of Eth2 until it launches. It’s unlikely that the update will completely solve scalability problems, so layer 2 projects may remain useful in the medium and long term.

How Do Ethereum Gas Fees Work?

Many of the developers on Ethereum are working on decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms that utilize smart contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing agreements written in code on the blockchain, and it’s the backbone of complex decentralized platforms. DeFi projects like Uniswap, Compound Finance and Curve Finance use smart contracts to offer decentralized exchanges (DEXes), lending, borrowing and much more. DeFi has exploded in popularity as users with dreams of massive profits rushed to these platforms for their unique financial technology.

This is where the issue of scaling takes its toll. Smart contracts are slower and more complex than simple transactions. They require more Ether (gas) to process because the network has to do more computation. Recently, high volumes of smart contract executions severely congested the Ethereum network and the community has been scrambling for solutions. The cofounder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, believes that the only viable solution lies in Layer 2 technology.

What are Layer 2 Solutions on Ethereum?

Layer 2 solutions on Ethereum have one main goal: reduce network congestion and transaction fees. Layer 2 projects are built on top of Ethereum as opposed to Layer 1 changes which alter the existing architecture of Ethereum’s blockchain. There are some ‘easy’ Layer 1 scalability changes like increasing the number of transactions verified at once, but in Ethereum’s current state, a degree of the network’s security, decentralization or both would possibly be sacrificed to do so. Ethereum 2.0 aims to make impactful Layer 1 changes without losing these vital aspects of security, but it will take time and the network needs short-term solutions right now. 

Rollups are one of the most popular types of Layer 2 solutions. They are smart contracts that validate large batches of transactions at once off-chain and then post the minimum amount of data back to the main network. The goal is to keep computation and state storage (a data tree of all transactions ever made on the blockchain) from congesting the main network.  

2 main types of rollups are being developed now: optimistic rollups and zero knowledge(ZK)-rollups. Optimistic rollups assume all new additions to the chain are valid unless they are challenged by a network participant within about a week. ZK-rollups rely on cryptographic proofs to validate every block added to the network, eliminating the need for trust in validators. While ZK-rollup technology might be the best Layer 2 technology in the future, it is more complex than optimistic rollups and needs to be developed further. 

History of Arbitrum

Offchain Labs, the team behind Arbitrum, was co-founded in 2018 by Ed Felton, a computer science and public affairs professor at Princeton. He also served the Whitehouse as Deputy Chief Technology Officer and senior advisor to the president between 2015-2017. Offchain Labs has already received large investments from Coinbase Ventures, Pantera, Blocknation and Compound since its inception. Arbitrum One opened on May 28 2021 to developers, after its competitor Optimism pushed back its release. Arbitrum may become the most popular Layer 2 solution soon, especially once leading platforms like Uniswap join its network. 

What Platforms Will Use Arbitrum? 

Arbitrum One, Offchain Lab’s flagship Layer 2 chain, was released on May 28th to decentralized application developers. Offchain Labs mentioned in a recent blog post that they granted access to the more than 250 developer teams that requested it. Offchain Labs’ blog suggests that Arbitrum One will be available to the general public soon, but they haven’t given any firm dates yet.

Uniswap, one of the largest Dexes on the Ethereum network, recently gauged its governance token holders’ interest in porting the platform to Arbitrum One. The vote was nearly unanimous in favor of the move to Arbitrum One. Uniswap had initially intended to employ Optimism’s Layer 2 solution, however, Optimism delayed its full launch and Arbitrum moved up theirs. The recent governance tally was not a final decision, and although Uniswap will likely employ a Layer 2 project soon, we don’t know for sure which one.

Arbitrum Versus Optimism

The largest difference between Arbitrum and Optimism is how the technology resolves a dispute on Layer 2. Both projects are optimistic rollups and use a challenge system where any validator can dispute a block on the chain. This is where the technology of the 2 projects diverge. Optimism re-executes the disputed transaction on Layer 1 and checks which party is correct in their assertion. 

The Arbitrum team realized that this process can contribute to network congestion significantly. Optimism needs to port a large amount of data to Layer 1 to compute the disputed transaction and resolve it. Instead, Arbitrum continuously subdivides the challenge until the disputed information is so small that it can be quickly sent to and resolved on Layer 1. Because they both use optimistic rollups, some trust in the validators is required. If all validators for a dApp collude in a malicious attack and no one challenges it, Arbitrum’s bridge between Layer 1 and 2 will assume the transaction is valid. 

Vitalik Buterin on Layer 2 Solutions

Vitalik Buterin is the visionary founder of Ethereum and has been researching scalability solutions for years. He recently mentioned that he believes Layer 2 rollups will be the only choice to solve its scalability problem in the short term. He knows the topic of Layer 2 solutions well; he co-founded Plasma Group, one of the 1st Layer 2 projects. Plasma Group has since been renamed to Optimism and transitioned to working on optimistic rollups, which have more potential for DeFi than Plasma technology. Arbitrum will likely take its place as a major player in Layer 2 scaling of Ethereum, at least until other rollup technology advances enough to take its place.

Ethereum 2.0 Upgrade…Coming Soon?

Ethereum 2.0 has been in the works for years, and even though it launched its beacon (test) network in November 2020 it likely won’t be finished until 2022. The most exciting parts of Eth 2.0 will be moving to a proof of stake consensus mechanism and sharding, planned for launch within the next year. Ethereum miners on the current network validate additions to the blockchain by computing cryptographic functions, which is called “Proof of Work”. Miners on Eth 2.0 will move to “Proof of Stake” instead, validating transactions by staking 32 Ether on the network. This will lower hardware requirements and energy usage, support sharding and further decentralize the network. 

Sharding will split the blockchain infrastructure into 64 shards, decentralizing the network even more. This is because it decreases the computational power required for individuals to be network participants. It will also drastically increase the throughput of the network, lowering transaction fees. Sharding may prove wrong the so-called “scalability trilemma”, which proposes that upgrades to scalability, security or decentralization lead to downgrades in the other 2 variables.

While these updates are exciting and will be important for Ethereum’s future, they will have no direct impact on the architecture of the Ethereum network until ETH2 is fully launched, probably in 2022. This is because the updates will be to the 2.0 beacon chain and not the main Ethereum network. The final step of the upgrade will merge the beacon chain to the main Ethereum network, finalizing the project. ETH2 will be a major milestone in Ethereum’s development, but it will likely still leave room for Layer 2 scaling. 

How To Buy Ethereum

Ethereum is the 2nd largest cryptocurrency in the world and can be purchased on some brokerage platforms and nearly all cryptocurrency trading platforms.  WeBull and Robinhood are online brokerages with easy-to-use apps on iOS and Android and both offer Ethereum trading. The main drawback in buying cryptocurrencies on brokerages like WeBull and Robinhood is that the platforms don’t yet let you transfer your cryptos off of their platform. 

If you want to transfer your Ethereum to a hardware wallet or into DeFi programs, the best option is to use a cryptocurrency exchange. Some of the best include Coinbase, Gemini, Crypto.com and eToro. They all have apps on Android and iOS and are easy to set up and start trading. The only speed bump is identity verification which is required to trade cryptocurrencies in the United States. You’ll need to provide your address, Social Security number and a picture of your driver’s license (or other valid ID). As soon as you finish verifying your identity, you should be able to link your bank account or credit card to start buying Ethereum.

Why Arbitrum is a Game Changer

Arbitrum sets itself apart by optimizing dispute resolution in optimistic rollups. This could reduce congestion on the Ethereum network even more than its competitors. However, it’s difficult to determine what impact it may have on the overall success of Arbitrum. In a perfect world, all transactions would be valid and no disputes would occur. In this case, Arbitrum and Optimism would start to look identical from the surface. Unfortunately, we don’t live in a perfect world and disputes are going to happen at some point. If the frequency of disputes is high, Arbitrum’s efficiency in resolving them could make it the superior Layer 2 solution.